Perspective of mesenchymal transformation in glioblastoma

Table 1 A list of molecules identified to contribute to the establishment of the mesenchymal signature in GBM

Category	Name	Identified Mode of Actions	Potent Inhibitor(s)	References
Master transcriptional regulators	STAT3	Normally operate opposing signals (neurogenesis versus gliogenesis) combined expression is linked to the mesenchymal signature	YM155/AZD1480/ ruxolitinib	[16, 70, 184]
	C/EBPβ		N/A
	TAZ	TAZ–TEAD interaction / cooperates with PDGF-B	Verteporfin	[10, 156]
Other proteins	S100A4	Regulates SNAIL2, ZEB1 and the mesenchymal signature genes	N/A	[21]
	Prosaposin	TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway	LY2109761 (TGF‐β1 inhibitor)	[58]
	Sortilin	(GSK-3β)/β-catenin/Twist signaling axis	AF38469	[172]
	BIRC3	Induced by hypoxia	N/A	[157]
	FoxM1	Activation loop of ADAM17/EGFR/GSK3β	TAPI-2	[179]
	Nrf2	Positive feedback loop between SQSTM1/p62 and Nrf2	N/A	[118]
	PBX3	Activation of MEK/ERK1/2	N/A	[167]
	FOXO1	Regulates mesenchymal marker proteins (N-cadherin, Vimentin, CD44, and YKL‐40)	AS1842856 (type 2 diabetes mellitus)	[97]
	FOXO1		SIN3a (hepatic insulin sensitivity)	[68]
Enzymes	ST3GAL1	TGFβ signaling pathways	SB431542 (TGFβ inhibitor)	[20]
	ST3GAL1	TGFβ signaling pathways	AL10 (lung cancer)	[18]
	TGM2	Regulates C/EBPβ expression directly by polymerization of GADD153 via NF-κB activation	GK921	[174]
microRNAs	miR-23a	miR-23a/HOXD10 axis	N/A	[168]
	miR-10b	HOXD10/NOTCH1/TP53/PAX6 axis	N/A	[74]
	miR-504	Negatively regulates FZD7-mediated Wnt–β-catenin pathway	N/A	[76]
	miR-128a/miR-504	Negatively regulates expression of mesenchymal markers (YKL-40, CD44, and Vimentin)	N/A	[82]

ISSN: 2051-5960